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back vowel
A back vowel is any in a class of vowel sound used in spoken languages. The defining characteristic of a back vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far back as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Back vowels are sometimes also called dark vowels because they are perceived as sounding darker than the front vowels.
==Articulation==
In their articulation, back vowels do not form a single category, but may be either raised vowels such as or retracted vowels such as .〔Scott Moisik, Ewa Czaykowska-Higgins, & John H. Esling (2012) ("The Epilaryngeal Articulator: A New Conceptual Tool for Understanding Lingual-Laryngeal Contrasts" )〕
Unrounded back vowels are typically centralized, that is, near-back in their articulation. This is one reason they are written to the left of rounded back vowels in the IPA vowel chart.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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